{ "title": "PointCast Real Estate Observatory · methodology v1", "edition": "2026-10-03", "scope": "18 representative local study anchors plus eight representative global markets. Qualitative educational research; not an exhaustive property inventory or recommendation.", "geography": { "center": { "lat": 33.91992025096, "lon": -118.415864992665, "name": "El Segundo City Hall", "address": "350 Main Street, El Segundo, CA 90245", "precision": "Census current-benchmark street-range interpolation; approximate address point, not a surveyed rooftop or parcel centroid.", "sourceId": "census-geocoder" }, "radiusMiles": 25, "formula": "Haversine great-circle distance, Earth mean radius 3958.7613 statute miles. Radius sampled by spherical destination-point formula.", "limits": "City Hall street address is geocoded/interpolated, not a surveyed rooftop. Anchor centers inside the circle do not mean entire municipalities are inside. Coastline and transport strokes are schematic. No parcel boundaries, commute promises or parcel risk scores." }, "evidence": "Source links are primary public sources, checked 3 October 2026. Site accessibility is recorded separately from API access. Qualitative opportunity mechanisms are editorial hypotheses. No observed yields or active property listings are asserted.", "model": { "inputs": [ { "key": "capital", "label": "Hypothetical starting capital", "unit": "USD", "min": 0, "max": 100000000, "step": 1000, "group": "Capital", "defaultValue": 250000, "description": "Available team cash before the first annual contribution; no actual budget is assumed." }, { "key": "annualContribution", "label": "Annual cash contribution", "unit": "USD", "min": 0, "max": 10000000, "step": 1000, "group": "Capital", "defaultValue": 30000, "description": "Added at the start of each of five years, including year 1; pays any previous funding gap first." }, { "key": "purchasePrice", "label": "Illustrative property price", "unit": "USD", "min": 1, "max": 100000000, "step": 5000, "group": "Acquisition", "defaultValue": 650000, "description": "Invented starting property price, not an observed listing. Later acquisition prices follow the appreciation assumption." }, { "key": "downPaymentPct", "label": "Down payment", "unit": "%", "min": 0, "max": 100, "step": 1, "group": "Financing", "defaultValue": 35, "description": "Loan-to-value equals 100% minus the down-payment percentage." }, { "key": "interestRate", "label": "Fixed annual mortgage rate", "unit": "%", "min": 0, "max": 40, "step": 0.1, "group": "Financing", "defaultValue": 6.5, "description": "Nominal annual rate divided by 12; fixed for each scenario, with no refinance or loan fees beyond closing costs." }, { "key": "loanYears", "label": "Amortization term", "unit": "years", "min": 1, "max": 50, "step": 1, "group": "Financing", "defaultValue": 30, "description": "Whole-year, fully amortizing monthly loan term. No balloon payment or interest-only period." }, { "key": "monthlyRent", "label": "Illustrative monthly scheduled rent", "unit": "USD", "min": 0, "max": 1000000, "step": 100, "group": "Income", "defaultValue": 5200, "description": "Invented modeling rent per property, not an observed comparable or promised income." }, { "key": "vacancyPct", "label": "Vacancy and collection loss", "unit": "%", "min": 0, "max": 100, "step": 1, "group": "Income", "defaultValue": 5, "description": "Deducted from scheduled rent; a simplified combined allowance rather than monthly tenant events." }, { "key": "propertyTax", "label": "Annual property tax", "unit": "USD", "min": 0, "max": 10000000, "step": 100, "group": "Operating costs", "defaultValue": 8125, "description": "Editable starting annual tax budget per property; local reassessment and exemptions are not modeled." }, { "key": "insurance", "label": "Annual insurance", "unit": "USD", "min": 0, "max": 10000000, "step": 100, "group": "Operating costs", "defaultValue": 2400, "description": "Starting annual insurance budget per property; coverage availability and deductibles require separate research." }, { "key": "repairs", "label": "Annual repairs and maintenance", "unit": "USD", "min": 0, "max": 10000000, "step": 100, "group": "Operating costs", "defaultValue": 3000, "description": "Routine operating maintenance; distinct from the annual capital expenditure budget." }, { "key": "managementPct", "label": "Management share of collected rent", "unit": "%", "min": 0, "max": 100, "step": 0.5, "group": "Operating costs", "defaultValue": 8, "description": "Applied to rent after vacancy and collection loss." }, { "key": "capexReserveAnnual", "label": "Annual capex budget", "unit": "USD", "min": 0, "max": 10000000, "step": 100, "group": "Operating costs", "defaultValue": 3000, "description": "Conservative annual capital replacement allowance treated as cash spent, excluded from NOI. Unspent capex balances are not tracked." }, { "key": "closingCostPct", "label": "Acquisition closing costs", "unit": "%", "min": 0, "max": 25, "step": 0.5, "group": "Acquisition", "defaultValue": 3, "description": "One-time purchase cost paid from cash; no basis, tax, or financing treatment is inferred." }, { "key": "reserveMonths", "label": "Initial liquidity reserve", "unit": "months", "min": 0, "max": 36, "step": 1, "group": "Acquisition", "defaultValue": 6, "description": "Months of operating costs, capex budget, and scheduled debt service ring-fenced at purchase. No automatic replenishment." }, { "key": "rentGrowthPct", "label": "Annual rent growth", "unit": "%", "min": -50, "max": 50, "step": 0.5, "group": "Growth and exit", "defaultValue": 3, "description": "Calendar-year growth applied to existing properties and future acquisitions; first-year rent has no growth." }, { "key": "appreciationPct", "label": "Annual property value change", "unit": "%", "min": -50, "max": 50, "step": 0.5, "group": "Growth and exit", "defaultValue": 3, "description": "Changes estimated year-end values and future purchase prices, never spendable cash." }, { "key": "expenseGrowthPct", "label": "Annual expense growth", "unit": "%", "min": -50, "max": 50, "step": 0.5, "group": "Growth and exit", "defaultValue": 3, "description": "Calendar-year growth of tax, insurance, repairs, and capex budgets; management follows collected rent." }, { "key": "sellingCostPct", "label": "Illustrative sale costs", "unit": "%", "min": 0, "max": 25, "step": 0.5, "group": "Growth and exit", "defaultValue": 6, "description": "Applied to gross estimated sale value in the final hypothetical liquidation; sale taxes are excluded." }, { "key": "minDscr", "label": "Minimum acquisition DSCR", "unit": "ratio", "min": 0, "max": 5, "step": 0.05, "group": "Financing", "defaultValue": 1.25, "description": "NOI divided by first-year scheduled debt service. A modeling screen, not an approval or a lender commitment." } ], "scenarios": [ { "id": "adverse", "label": "Adverse", "description": "Lower starting rent, more vacancy, more expensive debt, and slower growth.", "deltas": { "monthlyRentPct": -10, "vacancyPct": 8, "interestRate": 2, "rentGrowthPct": -3, "appreciationPct": -5, "expenseGrowthPct": 3 } }, { "id": "base", "label": "Base", "description": "The editable input assumptions, without additional scenario changes.", "deltas": { "monthlyRentPct": 0, "vacancyPct": 0, "interestRate": 0, "rentGrowthPct": 0, "appreciationPct": 0, "expenseGrowthPct": 0 } }, { "id": "upside", "label": "Upside", "description": "Higher starting rent, less vacancy, cheaper debt, and faster growth.", "deltas": { "monthlyRentPct": 5, "vacancyPct": -2, "interestRate": -1, "rentGrowthPct": 1, "appreciationPct": 2, "expenseGrowthPct": -1 } } ], "conventions": "USD nominal; invented example purchase price and rent. Contributions at the beginning of each year, including year 1. At most one identical-style acquisition per year. Cash, required reserves and model DSCR must pass. Monthly fully amortizing debt; fixed scenario rate; no refinance. Growth applies by calendar year. NOI before capex reserves/debt/income tax. Model DSCR uses NOI/debt service; lender underwriting can deduct replacement reserves first. Capex budget is treated as annual spending, separate from tracked liquidity reserves. Negative cash flow consumes liquid cash then ring-fenced reserves; any unfunded shortfall is explicit.", "exclusions": "No user balances, actual group commitments, lender offers, FX conversion, income/capital-gains/depreciation taxes, legal/entity costs, tenant arrears beyond vacancy, HOA/utilities unless folded into editable costs, rent-control enforcement, refinancing, property-specific reassessment or extraordinary capex. International scenarios need their own taxes/FX/legal modeling. Ending equity is an accounting estimate; after-cost sale value excludes tax." }, "refresh": "Static evidence and snapshots stay dated until a new reviewed build. The two working adapters read on explicit request with derived-response edge cache (FHFA 1 hour, USGS 60 seconds); no scheduler or background polling is installed. FHFA is quarterly delayed even when fetched now. USGS events publish every minute and may revise; stored fallback retains original generation/retrieval time.", "researchBrief": { "title": "An open educational project brief", "context": "IndustryNext and University of El Segundo are proposed context and collaboration paths. This edition does not claim their endorsement, an active partnership, student participation or an operating intern program. The earlier intern program is historical/closed.", "projects": [ "Source audit: distinguish source date, observation date, retrieval date and missing data.", "Local diligence: compare two official zoning maps, a transit schedule and a parcel-specific hazard source without making approval claims.", "Underwriting lab: replace invented rents and costs with permissioned evidence; compare adverse/base/upside and record why the acquisition gate passes or fails.", "Data lab: test a source contract and fallback; confirm reuse rights before proposing listing ingestion." ], "acceptance": "A contribution needs public primary sources, retrieval dates, reproducible calculations, visible uncertainty and independent review. No contact, recruiting or access grants are initiated." }, "future": [ "Licensed listing/closed-comparison agreement with allowed fields and retention policy.", "ACS/HUD credentials only after separate authorization; no key is in this edition.", "Jurisdiction-specific international cost/tax/FX modules and confidence ranges.", "Versioned release ingestion, source health checks and scheduled refresh only after implementation and tests." ], "sources": [ { "id": "census-geocoder", "title": "Census Geocoder · City Hall address", "url": "https://geocoding.geo.census.gov/geocoder/locations/onelineaddress?address=350%20Main%20Street%2C%20El%20Segundo%2C%20CA&benchmark=Public_AR_Current&format=json", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "HTTP 200 JSON verified", "note": "Current public address ranges resolve 350 Main St to the study center. Interpolated street address; not surveyed coordinates.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "el-segundo-code", "title": "El Segundo City Code · Title 15", "url": "https://codelibrary.amlegal.com/codes/elsegundoca/latest/elsegundo_ca/0-0-0-10322", "publisher": "City of El Segundo / American Legal Publishing", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Published code read", "note": "Code overview is current through Ord. 1682, passed Jan 20 2026. Publisher warns pending legislation may not be reflected; confirm the official version.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "manhattan-city", "title": "Manhattan Beach · City planning entry", "url": "https://www.manhattanbeach.gov/", "publisher": "City of Manhattan Beach", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Search metadata verified; page fetch 403", "note": "Official portal; substantive planning documents were not retrieved in this session. Parcel approvals remain unverified.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "manhattan-code", "title": "Manhattan Beach · Published municipal code", "url": "https://library.municode.com/ca/manhattan_beach/codes/code_of_ordinances", "publisher": "City of Manhattan Beach / Municode", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Public JavaScript portal; content not extracted", "note": "Human research link; no code-specific entitlement is claimed.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "hermosa-city", "title": "Hermosa Beach · City planning entry", "url": "https://www.hermosabeach.gov/", "publisher": "City of Hermosa Beach", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Fetch 403", "note": "Human research link; operative zoning and coastal approvals were not retrieved.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "redondo-planning", "title": "Redondo Beach · Community Development", "url": "https://www.redondo.org/departments/community_development/index.php", "publisher": "City of Redondo Beach", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Page read", "note": "Links zoning ordinances, interactive city map, PLANredondo, planning fees, and public records.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "hawthorne-city", "title": "Hawthorne · General Plan entry", "url": "https://www.cityofhawthorne.org/", "publisher": "City of Hawthorne", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Search metadata verified; page fetch 403", "note": "Portal identifies existing General Plan and update resources. Operative documents and parcel zoning need verification.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "inglewood-maps", "title": "Inglewood · Official GIS map gallery", "url": "https://www.cityofinglewood.org/836/Map-Gallery", "publisher": "City of Inglewood", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Page read", "note": "Links General Plan, zoning, overlay, neighborhood, truck-route, and other maps; GIS disclaimer applies.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "gardena-planning", "title": "Gardena · Planning and Zoning", "url": "https://cityofgardena.org/planning-and-zoning/", "publisher": "City of Gardena", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Page read", "note": "Links Title 18 zoning, General Plan, interactive parcel zoning, project lists, and environmental notices.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "gardena-plan", "title": "Gardena · General Plan", "url": "https://cityofgardena.org/general-plan/", "publisher": "City of Gardena", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Page read", "note": "Official plan document entry; check element dates and amendments before using a rule.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "torrance-city", "title": "Torrance · City planning entry", "url": "https://www.torranceca.gov/", "publisher": "City of Torrance", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Fetch 403", "note": "Official portal; operative planning documents were not retrieved. No entitlement claim is made.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "carson-planning", "title": "Carson · Planning", "url": "https://www.carsonca.gov/services/community___economic_development/plannings", "publisher": "City of Carson", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Page read", "note": "Identifies Carson 2040 implementation, GIS/current projects, industrial hazardous-material ordinance, and CFD resource.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "la-community-plans", "title": "Los Angeles · Community Plans", "url": "https://planning.lacity.gov/plans-policies/community-plans", "publisher": "Los Angeles City Planning", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "HTTP 200 official HTML read", "note": "Policy documents and land-use maps guide neighborhood planning. They inform zoning; the plan map alone is not a parcel entitlement.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "la-zimas", "title": "Los Angeles · ZIMAS parcel research", "url": "https://zimas.lacity.org/", "publisher": "Los Angeles City Planning", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Tool fetch timed out; linked by City Planning", "note": "Human parcel-research tool; no API access, freshness, or automated parcel extraction has been established.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "county-maps", "title": "LA County · Maps and GIS / jurisdiction", "url": "https://planning.lacounty.gov/maps-and-gis/", "publisher": "Los Angeles County Planning", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Page read", "note": "County Planning governs unincorporated areas. Map apps and download layers support jurisdiction/land-use research; city parcels need city authorities.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "culver-city", "title": "Culver City · Official planning entry", "url": "https://www.culvercity.org/", "publisher": "City of Culver City", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Fetch 403", "note": "Human research entry; operative General Plan/zoning/local tenant rules not retrieved in this session.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "santa-monica-maps", "title": "Santa Monica · Maps and GIS", "url": "https://www.santamonica.gov/topic-explainers/maps-and-gis", "publisher": "City of Santa Monica", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Page read", "note": "City-maintained GIS layers are available through its linked open-data portal; individual dataset terms/date need review.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "santa-monica-rent", "title": "Santa Monica · Rent Control", "url": "https://www.santamonica.gov/departments/rent-control", "publisher": "City of Santa Monica", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Page read", "note": "Explains rent-control functions and links records/research. Coverage and lawful rent are property/unit specific.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "santa-monica-seismic", "title": "Santa Monica · Seismic Retrofit Program", "url": "https://www.santamonica.gov/programs/seismic-retrofit-program", "publisher": "City of Santa Monica", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Page read", "note": "Links a potentially vulnerable building map and downloadable data. Inclusion is not a final structural-deficiency finding.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "long-beach-planning", "title": "Long Beach · Planning Bureau", "url": "https://www.longbeach.gov/lbcd/planning/", "publisher": "City of Long Beach", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "HTTP 200 official HTML read", "note": "Links General Plan, Downtown/Shoreline initiatives, zoning districts, and land-use GIS. Conditions and use permissions require parcel review.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "burbank-planning", "title": "Burbank · Planning", "url": "https://www.burbankca.gov/web/community-development/planning", "publisher": "City of Burbank", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Page read", "note": "Official planning, housing, zoning, and development-review entry.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "burbankbus", "title": "BurbankBus · Official service", "url": "https://www.burbankca.gov/burbankbus", "publisher": "City of Burbank", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Official page read; timetable not modeled", "note": "Verify route and timetable before deriving any travel-time claim.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "metrolink", "title": "Metrolink · Schedules", "url": "https://metrolinktrains.com/schedules/", "publisher": "Southern California Regional Rail Authority", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Official schedule page read; trip timetable not modeled", "note": "No frequency or commute duration is asserted.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "pasadena-planning", "title": "Pasadena · Planning and Community Development", "url": "https://www.cityofpasadena.net/planning/", "publisher": "City of Pasadena", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Page read", "note": "Links zoning maps/code, specific plans, historic review, property information, and disaster-recovery bulletins.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "metro-schedules", "title": "LA Metro · Line schedules and maps", "url": "https://www.metro.net/riding/schedules/", "publisher": "Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Page read", "note": "Operating lines/routes as shown on the official page, checked Oct 3 2026. Verify current timetable and stop geography; no commute-time model.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "cgs-hazards", "title": "CGS · Earthquake hazard-zone guidance", "url": "https://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/geohazards/eq-zapp", "publisher": "California Geological Survey", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Page read", "note": "Fault rupture, liquefaction, and earthquake-induced landslide zones are screening information. Unmapped does not mean safe; mapped zones do not replace site investigations.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "fema-flood", "title": "FEMA · Flood Map Service Center", "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/home", "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Page read", "note": "Official public NFIP flood-hazard source. Maps can be superseded; flood-zone status is not a complete property-risk or insurance quote.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "geotracker", "title": "California · GeoTracker environmental records", "url": "https://geotracker.waterboards.ca.gov/", "publisher": "State Water Resources Control Board", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Fetch 403; research link only", "note": "Investigate cleanup and groundwater/site history. No parcel record was downloaded or risk assigned.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "envirostor", "title": "California · EnviroStor site records", "url": "https://envirostor.dtsc.ca.gov/public/", "publisher": "California Department of Toxic Substances Control", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Fetch 403; research link only", "note": "Human environmental diligence link. No parcel-specific contamination conclusion.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "calfire", "title": "CAL FIRE · Fire Hazard Severity Zones", "url": "https://osfm.fire.ca.gov/what-we-do/community-wildfire-preparedness-and-mitigation/fire-hazard-severity-zones", "publisher": "California State Fire Marshal", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Official hazard guidance read; parcel layer not retrieved", "note": "Maps classify hazard, not individual property risk. Check current local adoption and the actual site; no citywide fire rating is assigned.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "boe-tax", "title": "California property tax · Publication 29", "url": "https://www.boe.ca.gov/proptaxes/pdf/pub29.pdf", "publisher": "California State Board of Equalization", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "March 2025 publication read", "note": "Acquisition-value assessment can change at ownership transfer/new construction. Base rate, bonded debt, assessments, and supplemental bills must be reviewed separately.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "ca-tenants", "title": "California · Landlord–tenant guidance", "url": "https://oag.ca.gov/tenants", "publisher": "California Department of Justice", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Page read", "note": "State guidance links Tenant Protection Act and related protections. Exemptions, notices, and local rules require current property-specific review.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "census-acs", "title": "Census ACS · 2024 5-year API catalog", "url": "https://api.census.gov/data/2024/acs/acs5.html", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Keyless data query returned missing-key redirect", "note": "No ACS payload obtained. Estimates cover a multi-year period; medians are not current asking rents or listings.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "fhfa-hpi", "title": "FHFA · House Price Index datasets", "url": "https://www.fhfa.gov/data/hpi/datasets", "publisher": "Federal Housing Finance Agency", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Page and public CSV read", "note": "Quarterly metro all-transactions NSA measures single-family value changes. It is not rent, NOI, yield, a listing database, or an individual valuation.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "metro-data", "title": "LA Metro · Data and API documentation", "url": "https://developer.metro.net/api/", "publisher": "Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Page read", "note": "Swiftly vehicle/trip realtime needs an API key; public cancellation beta is scheduled-only and omits contracted routes.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "metro-terms", "title": "LA Metro · Developer terms", "url": "https://developer.metro.net/terms-conditions/", "publisher": "Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority", "checkedDate": "2026-10-03", "access": "Page read", "note": "Attribution and accurate presentation required; no Metro partnership or trademark rights. Redistribution/advertising restrictions need review before integration.", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03" }, { "id": "global-sec-reits", "title": "Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)", "url": "https://www.investor.gov/introduction-investing/investing-basics/investment-products/real-estate-investment-trusts-reits", "publisher": "US Securities and Exchange Commission / Investor.gov", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Educational guidance; update cadence not promised" }, { "id": "global-irs-reit", "title": "Instructions for Form 1120-REIT (2025)", "url": "https://www.irs.gov/instructions/i1120rei", "publisher": "US Internal Revenue Service", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Tax-year instructions; check later changes" }, { "id": "global-international-risk", "title": "International Investing", "url": "https://www.investor.gov/introduction-investing/investing-basics/investment-products/international-investing", "publisher": "US Securities and Exchange Commission / Investor.gov", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Educational guidance; securities risk framework" }, { "id": "global-occ-cre", "title": "Commercial Real Estate Lending, version 2.0 (March 2022)", "url": "https://www.occ.treas.gov/publications-and-resources/publications/comptrollers-handbook/files/commercial-real-estate-lending/pub-ch-commercial-real-estate.pdf", "publisher": "US Office of the Comptroller of the Currency", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Supervisory handbook; March 2022 edition, not a live credit policy" }, { "id": "global-irs-rental", "title": "Publication 527 (2025), Residential Rental Property", "url": "https://www.irs.gov/publications/p527", "publisher": "US Internal Revenue Service", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Tax-year publication; US federal treatment only" }, { "id": "global-cfpb-closing", "title": "Closing Disclosure explainer", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/owning-a-home/closing-disclosure/", "publisher": "US Consumer Financial Protection Bureau", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Consumer guidance; not a loan offer" }, { "id": "global-cfpb-ltv", "title": "What is a loan-to-value ratio?", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-a-loan-to-value-ratio-and-how-does-it-relate-to-my-costs-en-121/", "publisher": "US Consumer Financial Protection Bureau", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Guidance; page last reviewed January 2025" }, { "id": "global-fannie-rental", "title": "General Rental Income Information", "url": "https://selling-guide.fanniemae.com/sel/b3-3.1-08/rental-income", "publisher": "Fannie Mae Selling Guide", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Guide entry dated September 2, 2026; lender program rules can change" }, { "id": "global-firpta", "title": "FIRPTA withholding", "url": "https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/firpta-withholding", "publisher": "US Internal Revenue Service", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Tax guidance; transaction-specific exceptions apply" }, { "id": "global-ca-tenants", "title": "Landlord-Tenant Issues", "url": "https://oag.ca.gov/tenants", "publisher": "California Department of Justice", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Current guidance; check local rules and later law changes" }, { "id": "global-uk-sdlt", "title": "Rates of Stamp Duty Land Tax for non-UK residents", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/guidance/rates-of-stamp-duty-land-tax-for-non-uk-residents", "publisher": "HM Revenue & Customs", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Guidance last updated April 2025; England and Northern Ireland" }, { "id": "global-uk-overseas-entity", "title": "Register an overseas entity", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/guidance/register-an-overseas-entity", "publisher": "Companies House", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Guidance last updated February 2026; annual entity updates" }, { "id": "global-uk-renters", "title": "Private landlords: private renting has changed", "url": "https://housinghub.campaign.gov.uk/renting-is-changing/", "publisher": "UK Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Current landlord guidance checked October 2026; Phase 1 effective May 1, 2026; later phases separate" }, { "id": "global-uk-landlord-guide", "title": "Assured periodic tenancies: a guide for landlords", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/assured-tenancy-agreements-a-guide-for-landlords", "publisher": "UK Government", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Current full landlord guidance; scope, exceptions and transition rules matter" }, { "id": "global-uk-renters-roadmap", "title": "Implementing the Renters’ Rights Act 2025: roadmap", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/renters-rights-act-2025-implementation-roadmap/implementing-the-renters-rights-act-2025-our-roadmap-for-reforming-the-private-rented-sector", "publisher": "UK Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Dated November 2025 phase plan; cross-check later phases with current landlord guidance" }, { "id": "global-jp-reporting", "title": "Acquisition of real property in Japan by a non-resident", "url": "https://www.mof.go.jp/english/policy/international_policy/real_property/index.html", "publisher": "Japan Ministry of Finance", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Administrative guidance; transaction deadlines are separate from source refresh" }, { "id": "global-jp-nonresident-tax", "title": "Taxation on a nonresident", "url": "https://www.nta.go.jp/english/taxes/individual/12006.htm", "publisher": "Japan National Tax Agency", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Tax guidance; residency, filing and treaty circumstances matter" }, { "id": "global-jetro-tax-agent", "title": "Taxes in Japan: overview of the tax system", "url": "https://www.jetro.go.jp/en/invest/setting_up/section3/page1.html", "publisher": "Japan External Trade Organization", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Official investment guidance; check current law and taxpayer circumstances" }, { "id": "global-jetro-property-taxes", "title": "Other principal taxes", "url": "https://www.jetro.go.jp/en/invest/setting_up/section3/page8.html", "publisher": "Japan External Trade Organization", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Official investment guidance; bases and relief differ by tax" }, { "id": "global-sg-ownership", "title": "Foreign ownership of property", "url": "https://www.sla.gov.sg/regulatory/foreign-ownership-of-property/", "publisher": "Singapore Land Authority", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Page content dated August 20, 2025; site footer updated October 2, 2026; check property category" }, { "id": "global-sg-absd", "title": "Additional Buyer’s Stamp Duty (ABSD)", "url": "https://www.iras.gov.sg/taxes/stamp-duty/for-property/buying-or-acquiring-property/additional-buyer%27s-stamp-duty-%28absd%29", "publisher": "Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Published residential rate table and guidance; buyer profile and applicable remission matter" }, { "id": "global-sg-tdsr", "title": "Calculating Total Debt Servicing Ratio thresholds", "url": "https://www.mas.gov.sg/regulation/explainers/tdsr-for-property-loans/calculating-tdsr-thresholds", "publisher": "Monetary Authority of Singapore", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Regulatory explainer; revised December 2021, checked October 2026" }, { "id": "global-dld-sale", "title": "Property sale registration", "url": "https://dubailand.gov.ae/en/eservices/property-sale-registration/", "publisher": "Dubai Land Department", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Service/fee guidance; verify transaction terms" }, { "id": "global-dld-faq", "title": "Frequently Asked Questions", "url": "https://dubailand.gov.ae/en/frequently-asked-questions/", "publisher": "Dubai Land Department", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Administrative/rental guidance; check project and tenancy details" }, { "id": "global-dld-data", "title": "Real Estate Data", "url": "https://dubailand.gov.ae/en/open-data/real-estate-data/", "publisher": "Dubai Land Department", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Public catalog; dataset periods and reuse terms vary; no automated feed verified here" }, { "id": "global-de-rent-law", "title": "Civil Code §556d: permissible rent at commencement", "url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bgb/__556d.html", "publisher": "German Federal Ministry of Justice / Federal Office of Justice", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Consolidated statute; local designation and exceptions require separate checking" }, { "id": "global-berlin-mietspiegel", "title": "Berliner Mietspiegel 2026", "url": "https://mietspiegel.berlin.de/", "publisher": "Berlin Senate", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "2026 rent reference; applicability and property features matter" }, { "id": "global-mx-investment-law", "title": "Ley de Inversión Extranjera", "url": "https://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/LIE.pdf", "publisher": "Mexico Chamber of Deputies", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Consolidated law; last reform May 27, 2024 in checked text" }, { "id": "global-mx-income-tax", "title": "Ley del Impuesto sobre la Renta", "url": "https://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/LISR.pdf", "publisher": "Mexico Chamber of Deputies", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Consolidated law; last reform April 1, 2024 in checked text" }, { "id": "global-banxico-fx", "title": "Exchange rates: daily table CF102", "url": "https://www.banxico.org.mx/SieInternet/consultarDirectorioInternetAction.do?sector=6&accion=consultarCuadro&idCuadro=CF102&locale=en", "publisher": "Banco de México", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Banking-day reference series; FIX publication timing differs; not real time" }, { "id": "global-br-title", "title": "Código Civil, Article 1,245", "url": "https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/2002/l10406compilada.htm", "publisher": "Presidency of Brazil", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Consolidated law; registration requirement" }, { "id": "global-sp-itbi", "title": "Como calcular o ITBI", "url": "https://prefeitura.sp.gov.br/web/fazenda/w/servicos/itbi/2513", "publisher": "Municipality of São Paulo", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Municipal guidance updated January 13, 2026" }, { "id": "global-sp-iptu", "title": "IPTU rules from 2026", "url": "https://prefeitura.sp.gov.br/web/fazenda/w/servicos/iptu/2456", "publisher": "Municipality of São Paulo", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Municipal guidance updated February 10, 2026; annual assessment" }, { "id": "global-br-cpf", "title": "Register for a CPF from abroad", "url": "https://www.gov.br/pt-br/servicos/inscrever-no-cpf-no-exterior", "publisher": "Government of Brazil", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Service guidance modified December 15, 2025; does not determine property eligibility" }, { "id": "global-us-reit-act", "title": "Public Law 86-779, September 14, 1960, Section 10", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-74/pdf/STATUTE-74-Pg998.pdf", "publisher": "US Congress / Government Publishing Office", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Original historical statute; not current tax law" }, { "id": "global-nareit-history", "title": "The History of REITs", "url": "https://www.reit.com/what-reit/history-reits", "publisher": "Nareit, REIT industry association", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Industry institutional history; historical milestones, not return evidence" }, { "id": "global-fair-housing", "title": "The Fair Housing Act", "url": "https://www.justice.gov/crt/fair-housing-act-1", "publisher": "US Department of Justice", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Enforcement/history guidance; updated June 2023" }, { "id": "global-jpx-history", "title": "Tokyo Stock Exchange history before JPX launched", "url": "https://www.jpx.co.jp/english/corporate/about-jpx/history/01-01.html", "publisher": "Japan Exchange Group", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Exchange’s historical record" }, { "id": "global-jpx-reits", "title": "REIT overview", "url": "https://www.jpx.co.jp/english/equities/products/reits/outline/index.html", "publisher": "Japan Exchange Group", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Exchange product guidance; no price or expected yield used" }, { "id": "global-fed-recession", "title": "The Great Recession and its aftermath", "url": "https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/great-recession-and-its-aftermath", "publisher": "Federal Reserve History", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Historical essay published November 2013" }, { "id": "global-fed-2022", "title": "FOMC statement, March 16, 2022", "url": "https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/monetary20220316a.htm", "publisher": "US Federal Reserve Board", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Dated historical policy release; not the current rate" }, { "id": "global-realty-model", "title": "The Realty Income Business Model", "url": "https://www.realtyincome.com/who-we-are/business-model", "publisher": "Realty Income", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Company description; self-reported role, not endorsement or performance evidence" }, { "id": "global-blackstone", "title": "Real Estate", "url": "https://www.blackstone.com/our-businesses/real-estate/", "publisher": "Blackstone", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Company description; self-reported businesses, no valuation or return claim used" }, { "id": "global-cbre", "title": "About CBRE", "url": "https://www.cbre.com/about", "publisher": "CBRE", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Company description; self-reported role" }, { "id": "global-jll", "title": "About JLL", "url": "https://www.jll.com/en-us/about-jll", "publisher": "JLL", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Company description; self-reported role" }, { "id": "global-fannie-about", "title": "About Fannie Mae", "url": "https://www.fanniemae.com/about-us", "publisher": "Fannie Mae", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Institution description; secondary mortgage-market role" }, { "id": "feed-fhfa", "title": "FHFA House Price Index datasets", "url": "https://www.fhfa.gov/data/hpi/datasets", "publisher": "Federal Housing Finance Agency", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Quarterly, revised" }, { "id": "feed-usgs", "title": "USGS GeoJSON summary feeds", "url": "https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/feed/v1.0/geojson.php", "publisher": "U.S. Geological Survey", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Publisher updates every minute" }, { "id": "feed-usgs-rights", "title": "USGS copyrights and credits", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits", "publisher": "U.S. Geological Survey", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Policy" }, { "id": "feed-hud", "title": "HUD Fair Market Rent API access", "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/portal/dataset/fmr-api.html", "publisher": "HUD USER", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Annual" }, { "id": "feed-census", "title": "Census Data API guidance", "url": "https://www.census.gov/data/developers/guidance/api-user-guide.html", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "checkedAt": "2026-10-03", "cadence": "Dataset dependent" } ] }